Gender Crime Intimate Partner Violence

Question: Discuss about the Gender Crimefor Intimate Partner Violence. Answer Introduction: Intimate partner violence is the concept which is introduced from the domestic violence, and in historic times it is known as domestic violence. Intimate partner violence is conducted when any relationship exists between the intimate partners, and in that relationship one partner tried to use power and access control over the other partner. For the purpose of asserting this power abuser uses various methods which involve physical, psychological, economic, sexual abuse, and it also includes the manipulation of victim by use his or her children. IPV occurs almost in all socioeconomic, religious, and cultural groups, but in maximum cases of IPV women is the victim. There are some cases in which women can also be the abuser may be for self-defense, and in some cases of same sex partnerships. Generally, there is high number of chances that men do not experience any kind of violence from partner, stranger or any other person related to them (CDC, n.d.). In this essay we state the differenc e in experience of men and women related to intimate partner Violence, and also state the causes of these differences. Subsequently this essay is concluded with brief conclusion. Intimate Partner Violence: IPV is defined as when on partner in a relationship hurts another partner purposely either from physical means or emotional means. Intimate partner violence is also known as domestic violence because such violence is usually caused by husband, boyfriend, and ex-boyfriend. Usually, victims of this violence are womens, but there are number of cases in which womens are abusers. Prevalence of IPV has been measured by number of surveys which are based on population, most reliable survey is conducted by Who and known as multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence against women. For this survey WHO collected data on IPV from more than 24000 women in 10 countries. These countries represent various diverse, cultural, geographical and urban or rural environments which show that all the countries are affected by IPV. Following are the facts of the survey which shows that almost 13-61% womens stated that they experience physical violence by their partner, 4-49% of women accepted t hat they experience severe physical violence by their partners, 5-59% of women accepted that they experience sexual violence by their partner at some point of their lives, and 20-75% experience emotional abuse from their intimate partner (WHO, 2005). As per the Personal Safety Survey of Australian Bureau of Statistics, almost 132000 womens of Australia (1.5%) experienced violence which includes any incident cause physical or sexual threat to women in last 12 months from their present partner or previous partner. Survey further stated that every one woman in four Australian women have experienced the Intimate partner Violence once in their life from the age of 15. Generally, for IPV partner is that person with whom respondent currently lives or previously lived with. IPV is the problem which is associated with severe health, social and economic consequences for women and for their families as well, and it also a severe threat for community (Stavrou, Poynton Weatherburn, 2016). As compared to woman who does not experience the intimate partner violence are almost 20 times higher in case of women who experience IPV. These facts are stated by the study conducted by NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR). Responses of 7800 womens are analyzed by BOCSAR who participated in the ABS Personal Safety Survey (PSS). Nearly 500 womens stated that they experience violence in the two years before the survey is conducted. Generally, Womens face IPV when there is lack of support or if they were financially depend on their partner (NSW, 2017). Some researches together with the samples of national representative states that IPV reported by women is equal to the violence reported by men. These researches are criticized by number of people and authorities because they are only focusing on participation rates and they are not assessing the impact of gender differences for the purpose of using the context of partner violence (Hamberger, 2005). Gender Violence and IPV: Before the period of 1970s, violence against women by their intimate partners has no name, but in the history of Canada different type of violence against women was a serious issue such as women physically abused by their male and no remedy is available for that until social scientists, practitioners, politicians, and the general public interfere in these situations for their own interest. Only forty years ago an exhaustive bibliography on wife beating was written, and after the introduction of this bibliography and efforts put by feminists there are number of residents of Ontario and other Canadian provinces providing attention to the issues related to harms experience by Womens during and after intimate relationships. However, these efforts results in reduction of some myths settle by society such as only poor womens are beaten up by their husbands (DeKeseredy Dragiewicz, 2009, Pp-1-3). In case partners become violent in their intimate relationship then they show different types of behavior and reason behind this behavior are also different and it result in different consequences. There is a great difference between the statistics of male and female who use violence against partner, and it completely depends on whether person is looking for violence related to situation and responsive violence. As per the claim of Family violence (FV) researchers, IPV is symmetrical in nature in which both men and women equally contribute as perpetrator of violence against their intimate partners. For the purpose of establishing the prevalence of violence in relationships, researchers of FV depends on the measurements of discrete acts such as slap or punch, and this data is considered as the primary or sole source of data related to the violence of individual respondents. FV researchers further claimed that IPV is symmetrical and reciprocal in nature, and this claimed is based on the act-based approach. FV states that violence in case of women is more severe as compared to men (Dobash Dobash, 2004, Pp-326-327). FV also used some other figures also such as they measure the various units of counting at different points of the systems processes like incidents, victims, and offenders, and these measurements are done at different reference period such as financial year, calendar year, and other reporting periods. This information is also collected from different agencies also and at different points in time which adds the complexity for the purpose of analysis different incidents (ABS, 2013). However, it must be noted that womens are not innocent and they also cause violence on their intimate partners. Almost 830000 men experience domestic violence every year. In every 37.8 seconds a men became the victim of domestic abuse in America, and these numbers are not accurate and actual figures are still not shown. As per the Jan Brown, the executive director and founder of the Domestic Abuse Helpline for Men, domestic violence must not be determine with gender, size or strength but it must be determined as control and power exercised by one partner over other and no matter whether you are a woman or man. Data was collected by the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in 2001, related to health of 14322 individuals between the age of 18 and 28. This study also involve questions related to roman or sexual relationships in which that individual engaged in last 5 years and whether that relationships involved any kind of violence. The result of this research shows that ou t of 18761 relationships almost 76% relationships are not violent but other 24% involves violence. In this 24% half relationships are reciprocal and other half are not. In other words, in half relationships both partners are abusers and cause violence. Although nonreciprocal violent relationships are experienced by more men as compared to women, but more women as compared to men had once taken part in reciprocal violence (Rhymes, 2014). Causes of Intimate Partner Violence: Intimate partner violence or abuse initiates when partner feels the need to control the other partner or dominate the other partner. Abuser feels like that because of their low self-esteem, extreme jealousy, difficulties in regulating anger and other strong emotions, or when they feel inferior from their partner because of education or socioeconomic background. There are some more reasons such as many people have traditional beliefs that they have the right to control their partner, and they does not considered women as equal to men and there are some individuals who are suffering from undiagnosed personality disorder or psychological disorder. Whereas, there are number of individuals learned such behaviors in their houses where domestic violence is accepted as normal part of the life. Sometimes dominating nature of partner takes form of physical, emotional and sexual abuse. As per one study, violent behavior of individual caused by interaction of situational and individual factors w hich means that individual learn such behavior from their families, society, and from other cultural influences, and because of such influence either they become violent or victims themselves. There are some abusers who also experience violence in their childhood (Goldsmith, 2016). Masculinity was the other big reason of domestic violence. In starting the relationship between masculinity and violence was identified by those persons who stated that during the period of adolescence masculinity was internalized, and this concept explain the more interaction of boys as compared to girls with criminal justice system (Krienert, 2003). Therefore violence is more related with men and masculinity as compared to women and femininity. Kimmel argued that as compared to women mens are more indulged in violent behavior ad in number of studies males are considered as violence perpetrators while on the other hand females are considered as victims of the violence (Kimmel, 2004; Mills, 2001). This can be understand with the help of the example which stated that as per one study it was shown that during the period of adolescent more mens settle their disputes by choosing the way of fighting as compared to womens, and almost half of the male agreed that they involved in fighting i n last one year (Kimmel Mahler, 2003). Therefore, in case of mens status related to masculinity is high if they shows that they have can protect themselves, and this result in a higher self esteem as compared to others (Krienert, 2003). Things are different in case of females which states that if female involve in any such act involves aggression then they criticized for their behavior or get disrespect from other segments of society for not following the traits of feminine behaviors (Irwin and Chesney-Lind, 2008). As stated above, traits of masculinity are identified as one main reason of aggressive behavior among the men, but there are some other researchers also who stated some different socio-biological factors such as competition related to homosocial which directly predicts male violence. As stated by Kimmel, violence behavior of males occurred because of their roles in the oepidal drama, and for this purpose males try to detach themselves from their mother and get close to their father for establishing masculine identity (Lafrance, 2004). From the young age mens are socialized as to be real men, which means that they must have the ability to protect his family and he must show the traits of bravery and willingness for taking risks. Boys get the education related to use of physical force such on whom, when and why they should use physical force (Rubenser, 2007). Conclusion: After considering all the above figures and facts it is clear that experience of IPV in case of men and women are completely different. This paper clearly shows that in intimate partner violence, more Womens are the victims as compared to men. Studies shows high number of womens which get victimized from IPV but it does not mean that womens are completely innocent in these cases. As per one report, mens also experience domestic violence which shows the hidden face of domestic violence. This paper also states the causes of IPV, which state that masculinity, femininity and cultural background of individual play important role in domestic violence. Therefore, it is necessary that government use different methods to resolve these issues in case of male and female. References: ABC. Characteristics of Incidents. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4529.0main+features100112013. Accessed on 12th April 2017. CAD. Intimate Partner Violence. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/. Accessed on 12th April 2017. DeKeseredy W. Dragiewicz M. (2009), Shifting public policy direction: gender-focused versus bi-directional intimate partner violence, Queens Printer for Ontario. Avaiilable at: https://www.oaith.ca/assets/files/Publications/Shifting_Public_Policy_Direction.pdf. Accessed on 12th April 2017. Dobash R. Dobash R. 2004, Womens violence to men in intimate relationships: working on a puzzle, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 44, issue 3, pp. 324-349. Garcia-Moreno C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on womens health and domestic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and womens responses. Geneva: World Health Organization. Goldsmith, T. (2016). What Causes Domestic Violence. Available at: https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-causes-domestic-violence/. Accessed on 12th April 2017. Hamberger L 2005, Mens and womens use of intimate partner violence in clinical samples: toward a gender-sensitive analysis, Violence and Victims, vol. 20(2), pp. 131-151 Irwin, K. and Chesney-Lind, M. (2008). Girls violence: Beyond dangerous masculinity; Sociology Compass, 2/3, 837855. Kimmel, M. (2004). Masculinities, in Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia, Edited by Michael Kimmel and Amy Aronson, Abc-clio Publications. Kimmel, M.S.; Mahler, M., (2003). Adolescent masculinity, Homophobia, and violence, Random School Shootings, 1982-2001 American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 46(10), 1439-1458. Krienert, J. L. (2003). Masculinity and crime: A quantitative exploration of Messerschmidts hypothesis; Electronic Journal of Sociology, 7(2). Mills, M. (2001). Boys and Violence in Schools: Everybodys Business, Education Views March (16). NSW, (2017). Assaults increase around Lockout Zones. Available at: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Pages/bocsar_media_releases/2017/mr-Effect-of-lockout-laws-update-Sept-2016.aspx. Accessed on 12th April 2017. Rhymes, E. (2014). Woman As Aggressor: The Unspoken Truth Of Domestic Violence. Available at: https://www.mintpressnews.com/woman-aggressor-unspoken-truth-domestic-violence/196746/. Accessed on 12th April 2017. Rubenser, L., (2007). Actors influencing reporting behavior by male domestic violence victims; in Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, Editor: Nicky Ali Jackson, Routledge Taylor Francis Group s.308-314. Stavrou, E. Poynton, S. and Weatherburn, D. (2016). Intimate partner violence against women in Australia: related factors and help-seeking behaviours. Available at: https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/Report-2016-Intimate-partner-violence-against-women-in-Australia-CJB200.pdf. Accessed on 12th April 2017.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: The role of the leader in the practice of good governance and social responsibility in a publicly or privately held company. What role does the leader play in setting and influencing corporate social responsibility? Answer: Introduction Basically, the main aim and objective of conducting this research paper is to develop a clear understanding about the different roles, functions and activities of todays leaders in good governance and social responsibility. Moreover, it is also found that, leader roles are not limited because they also play a wide range of specific and significant role in improving the business, developing innovative work culture and making organization more socially responsible. In the same way, leaders adopt and use best practice of good governance and social responsibility in a publicly or privately held company. In this way, today leaders play innovative and specific roles in setting and influencing corporate social responsibility. Apart from this, it should also be noted down that, todays leaders are also responsible to perform a wide range of roles and functions for the success and growth of the company. Role of Leaders in Practice of Good Governance, Social Responsibility and Setting Influencing Corporate Social Responsibility It is analyzed that, there are several types of actions, best practices and strategies are developed and created by leaders in order to enhance social responsibility. For example, leaders provide strategic guidance and recommendations to the marketing department of the company in order to implement global marketing strategies by considering the environmental factors. It means leaders play a key role in improving the companys marketing decisions and focused on considering the different aspects such as: cultural differences, economic, social, sustainability efforts, technology or physical infrastructure, political or legal system, etc. This helps the company in achieving its long term marketing and business objectives effectively (Vaccaro, Jansen, Van Den Bosch, Volberda). On the other hand, leaders also focuses on developing sustainability report so that the organization can be able to reflect its economic, social, sustainability efforts, environmental and measurement factors. Moreover, it is also accessed that, there are several types of sustainability program, practices, and activities are also introduced by leaders within the organization that empowers and motivate the employees to perform their goals and objectives ethically. In addition to this, leaders also introduced diversity programs within the company and invite the women employees to work in the company (Voegtlin, Patzer, Scherer). Along with this, it is also found that leaders also focuses on developing an innovative and dynamic work cultures that consists with the ethical norms, standards, and rules. In the same way, this ethical work culture of the organizations encourages the employees to fulfill their goals ethically. For instance, different types of corporate governance practices are also introduced by the leaders that ensure the enhancement, protection and creation of the value of the shareholder. For example, leaders focus on improving the suppler Code of Conduct. According to this, the suppliers are responsible to treat employees fairly and provide all the information about the products and services before buying any product. Moreover, this code of conduct is also guides and educates its different supplier to fulfill and satisfy the needs of the customers (Macco). Moreover, there are several types of motivational and encouragement strategies and methods are also introduced by leaders within the company that educate and empower the employees. For example, innovative work culture, training and development opportunities are provided by the company to their employees so that they can fulfill their dreams (Katamba). Moreover, SEED (Supplier Employee Education and Development) program is also developed by leaders that motivate the employees and workers regarding their tasks. For instance, as per this, the company provides opportunities to their work to earn with their bachelor and master degree. On the other hand, it is also analyzed that, leaders is also play a major role in developing an innovative policy related to the Labor and Human Rights. This strategy guides the company to focus on maintain and dealing with the employment issues (Jayasingam, Cheng). For instance, in the global business environment, the company follows and maintains the standards and rules of labor and human rights. In addition to this, leaders are creating regulations and Codes of Practice, establishing Health and Safety Duties, developing duty to protect any person from exposure to hazards and risks that arise from work. Additionally, leaders also introduce innovative diversity policy to maintain the human rights within the company. According to this strategy, company is fully dedicated to avoid unethical hiring. Along with this, leaders also played a key role in developing and creating numerous techniques to diminish the environment issues effectively. Energy efficiency, green product design, environmentally friendly, reduces carbon emission, etc are the important techniques adopted by the company that introduced by leaders within the organizations (Gregoire, Arendt). On the other hand, leaders use participative theory of leadership in order to fulfill their CSR and social responsibility functions. For example, as per this participative theory of leadership, leaders invites the organizational people to take a part in the organizational decision making process. In addition to this, leaders also play a key role in enhancing the workplace skills, roles and abilities of employees. For instance, with the help of participative style, leaders facilitate the conversation and openly shares information and knowledge among the employees for decision-making (Brown, Hallenbeck, Baird). In addition to this, leaders also treats employees equally and fairly and provides fairly and specific workplace opportunities to their employees or management so that they can be able to fulfill their goals and objectives effectively. In addition to this, leaders also play a major role in motivating, encouraging, to the employees to share the innovative ideas (Flynn).Moreover, leaders also try to synthesize all the available information and solutions suggested by the team. For example, workplace problems are also solved by the leaders to the members of organizations by providing them specific and significant ideas, guidelines, and strategies. Leaders also focus on developing strong relations with the employees by understanding their issues and problems effectively. On the other hand, leaders also come up with the best possible solution and communicate it back to the group. Moreover, leaders also effectively communicate with each and every level of employees of the organizations so t hat the organizational long term objectives can be achieved (Alvesson Spicer). In the recent time, the leaders are also working for the overall success and growth of the company by developing and establishing effective business strategies and CSR policies. In addition to this, leaders are also promoting the concepts of sustainability and developing a strong positive and ethical work culture and structure. In addition to this, leaders are also focusing on adopting innovative and new technologies and information tools in order to bring innovation within the organizational business process. Moreover, leaders are also motivating and encouraging their employees to work ethically and in a social responsible manner for the success of the company in an effective and proper manner (Sebastian, Allensworth). At the same time, it is also observed that, to bring the innovation and improve the organizational efficiency, leaders are also introducing new tools and methods. Moreover, corporate strategic vision, mission, long term objectives, and strategies are also modified by leaders for the overall success and growth of the organization. Finally, it can be said that, best and effective CSR, socially responsible practices and strategies are established by the leaders in order to achieve the competitive advantages over the competitors. Hence, it can be said that, the leader is playing a wide range of roles for the total success of the company in the global business environment (Wiest, Eltantawy). Moreover, organizational leaders play a wide range of specific, innovative and significant role in fulfilling the corporate social responsibility functions and objectives. For instance, leaders are also responsible to develop environmental, socially, sustainability policies and strategies within the organizations. In the same way, leaders play specific roles in enhancing the social responsibility. Leaders are also responsible to motivate the employees, to build strong relationships with the outsiders, to ensure the customer satisfaction, and maintain the competitive advantages for the company by adopting and using innovative and specific business and corporate strategies and tactics in an effective and proper manner. Apart from this, leaders are also play key role in demonstrating integrity, encouraging constructive dialogue, creating a shared vision, developing people, building partnerships, thinking globally (Williams). Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that, leader is a person that influence, affect, encourage, motivate, guides the employees or workers to perform their goals and objectives in an effective and proper manner to fulfill organizational strategic vision and mission. Moreover, a manager is an organizational individual that guides the employees about how to perform their day to day task for the success of the company. In addition to this, several specific roles associated with the CSR, ethics and socially responsible are also performed by the leaders in order to create a unique image of the company in the front of others effectively. Moreover, it is also concluded that, the roles of the leaders within the organizations are not limited to motivation and encouragement. But, they also have to perform certain tasks related to CSR, ethics and socially responsible functions to determine the success and growth of the company. References Alvesson, M., Spicer, A. Critical leadership studies: The case for critical performativity (2012) 65(3), Human Relations 367-390. Brown, T.J., Hallenbeck, R. Baird, M.E. 21st Century Leadership and Management Techniques for State DOTs. USA: AASHTO, 2009. Flynn, G. Leadership and Business Ethics. USA: Springer Science Business Media, 2008. Gregoire, M.B. Arendt, S.W. Leadership: Reflections over the past 100 years (2014) 114(5), Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics S10-S19. Jayasingam, S. Cheng, M.Y. Leadership Style and Perception of Effectiveness: Enlightening Malaysian Managers. (2009) 5 (2), Asian Social Science 54-65. Katamba, D. Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Guide for Students and Practicing Managers in Developing and Emerging Countries. USA: Strategic Book Publishing, 2012. Macco, M. Understanding the Difference Between Management and Leadership. (2000) 43 (1) Research Technology Management, 57-59. Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E. The Influence of Principal Leadership on Classroom Instruction and Student Learning A Study of Mediated Pathways to Learning. (2012) 48(4), Educational Administration Quarterly, 626-663. Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A., Volberda, H.W. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size. (2012) 49(1), Journal of Management Studies, 28-51. Voegtlin, C., Patzer, M. and Scherer, A.G. Responsible leadership in global business: A new approach to leadership and its multi-level outcomes. (2012) 105(1), Journal of Business Ethics, 1-16. Wiest, J. B., Eltantawy, N. Mediatization in the Arab World: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of New Media Use. (2015) 5(2), Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 120. Williams, P.L. Developing 21st Century Small Business Leaders Through Formal Mentoring. USA: ProQuest, 2008.

Tycho Brahe Essays - Copernican Revolution, Tycho Brahe,

Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe Tyge (Latinized as Tycho) Brahe was born on 14 December 1546 in Skane, then in Denmark, now in Sweden. He was the eldest son of Otto Brahe and Beatte Bille, both from families in the high nobility of Denmark. He was brought up by his paternal uncle J?rgen Brahe and became his heir. He attended the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig, and then traveled through the German region, studying further at the universities of Wittenberg, Rostock, and Basel. During this period his interest in alchemy and astronomy was aroused, and he bought several astronomical instruments. In 1572 Tycho observed the new star in Cassiopeia and published a brief tract about it the following year. In 1574 he gave a course of lectures on astronomy at the University of Copenhagen. He was now convinced that the improvement of astronomy hinged on accurate observations. After another tour of Germany, where he visited astronomers, Tycho accepted an offer from the King Frederick II to fund an observatory. He was given the little island of Hven in the Sont near Copenhagen, and there he built his observatory, Uraniburg, which became the finest observatory in Europe. Tycho designed and built new instruments, calibrated them, and instituted nightly observations. He also ran his own printing press. The observatory was visited by many scholars, and Tycho trained a generation of young astronomers there in the art of observing. After a falling out with King Christian IV, Tycho packed up his instruments and books in 1597 and left Denmark. After traveling several years, he settled in Prague in 1599 as the Imperial Mathematician at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. He died there in 1601. His instruments were stored and eventually lost. Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy were enormous. He not only designed and built instruments, he also calibrated them and checked their accuracy periodically. He thus revolutionized astronomical instrumentation. He also changed observational practice profoundly. Whereas earlier astronomers had been content to observe the positions of planets and the Moon at certain important points of their orbits. Tycho and his cast of assistants observed these bodies throughout their orbits. As a result, a number of orbital anomalies never before noticed were made explicit by Tycho. Without these complete series of observations of unprecedented accuracy, Kepler could not have discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits. Tycho was also the first astronomer to make corrections for atmospheric refraction*. In general, whereas previous astronomers made observations accurate to perhaps 15 arc minutes, those of Tycho were accurate to perhaps 2 arc minutes, and it has been shown that his best observations were accurate to about half an arc minute. Tycho's observations of the new star of 1572 and comet of 1577, and his publications on these phenomena, were instrumental in establishing the fact that these bodies were above the Moon and that therefore the heavens were not immutable as Aristotle had argued and philosophers still believed. The heavens were changeable and therefore the Aristotelian division between the heavenly and earthly regions came under attack (see, for instance, Galileo's Dialogue) and was eventually dropped. Further, if comets were in the heavens, they moved through the heavens. Up to now it had been believed that planets were carried on material spheres (spherical shells) that fit tightly around each other. Tycho's observations showed that this arrangement was impossible because comets moved through these spheres. Celestial spheres faded out of existence between 1575 and 1625. Tycho developed a system that combined the best of both worlds. He kept the Earth in the center of the universe, so that he could retain Aristotelian physics The Moon and Sun revolved about the Earth, and the shell of the fixed stars was centered on the Earth. But Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn revolved about the Sun. He put the (circular) path of the comet of 1577 between Venus and Mars. This Tychonic world system became popular early in the seventeenth century among those who felt forced to reject the Ptolemaic arrangement of the planets (in which the Earth was the center of all motions) but who, for various reasons, could not accept the Copernican alternative. Tycho's major works include De Nova et Nullius Aevi Memoria Prius Visa Stella (On the New and Never

Free Essays on Paradigms In Sociology IIIII

The Sociological Paradigms The three sociological paradigms are all part of the sociological theory. More specifically, they are all â€Å"basic images of society that guides thinking and research† (Macionis 14). The three sociological paradigms are the structural-functional paradigm, the social-conflict paradigm, and the symbolic-interaction paradigm. Both the structural-functional paradigm and the social-conflict paradigm are both on the macro-levels, meaning that they focus on broader ideas. All three paradigms are frameworks for building theory (17). These paradigms have distinct differences in what makes each significant. The structural-functional paradigm looks at society as a complex system with all its parts working together. To break it down, structural looks at social behavior and whether there are any stable patterns to it. The functional half looks at how society functions and the consequences of actions taken. Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton were all key contributors to the structural-functional paradigm. Auguste Comte associated this paradigm to whether there was integration taking place during social changes. Emile Durkheim used this approach to pioneer a study a study on suicide and found that white, single, rich protestant males were most likely to commit suicide. Another important sociologist was Herbert Spencer. Spencer looked at society as a human body with all the parts of the body work together to keep us alive, just like society. It organizes and identifies all the parts and looks at how they all work alone and then together. Talcott Parsons took and carried the ideas Comte, Durkheim, and Spencer and looked at society as a system. He looked at what it took for society to survive and also how this was accomplished. Robert Merton took a more contemporary approach and expanded this paradigm. He broke down structural-functional and created more t... Free Essays on Paradigms In Sociology IIIII Free Essays on Paradigms In Sociology IIIII The Sociological Paradigms The three sociological paradigms are all part of the sociological theory. More specifically, they are all â€Å"basic images of society that guides thinking and research† (Macionis 14). The three sociological paradigms are the structural-functional paradigm, the social-conflict paradigm, and the symbolic-interaction paradigm. Both the structural-functional paradigm and the social-conflict paradigm are both on the macro-levels, meaning that they focus on broader ideas. All three paradigms are frameworks for building theory (17). These paradigms have distinct differences in what makes each significant. The structural-functional paradigm looks at society as a complex system with all its parts working together. To break it down, structural looks at social behavior and whether there are any stable patterns to it. The functional half looks at how society functions and the consequences of actions taken. Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton were all key contributors to the structural-functional paradigm. Auguste Comte associated this paradigm to whether there was integration taking place during social changes. Emile Durkheim used this approach to pioneer a study a study on suicide and found that white, single, rich protestant males were most likely to commit suicide. Another important sociologist was Herbert Spencer. Spencer looked at society as a human body with all the parts of the body work together to keep us alive, just like society. It organizes and identifies all the parts and looks at how they all work alone and then together. Talcott Parsons took and carried the ideas Comte, Durkheim, and Spencer and looked at society as a system. He looked at what it took for society to survive and also how this was accomplished. Robert Merton took a more contemporary approach and expanded this paradigm. He broke down structural-functional and created more t...

Consider the relative contribution of classical and operatn Essay

Consider the relative contribution of classical and operatn conditioning to problem gambling - Essay Example This paper will look at various theories and therapies related with gambling behavior with the focus on conditioning theories. As gambling is becoming a popular activity, the problems associated with gambling are also increasing. Because of this, it has become necessary to do extensive research into the different facets of gambling including the behaviors that influence gambling, the negative effects it can have, and treatment of gambling addicts. Researchers have also tried to classify gamblers into various categories using different criteria. For example, Abbott, Palmisano & Dickerson (1995) classify gamblers as excessive of normal gamblers; Fisher (1993) classifies them as social or pathological gamblers; Gupta & Derevensky (1998) classify them as social, problem, or pathological gamblers; Shaffer et al. (1994) classify them as non-pathological, in-transition, or pathological gamblers; and Vitaro, Arseneault & Tremblay (1999) classify them as recreational, low-problem, or high-problem gamblers. (cited in Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002) These differences in the classification of gamblers have also resulted in non-applicability of a single gambling model to the overall population of gamblers, although there are other various reasons too. A single theoretical model of gambling cannot explain and account for the various biological, psychological and social factors that are related with problem gambling. Problem Gambling Problem gambling can be defined as a "gambling behavior which causes disruptions in any major area of life: psychological, physical, social, or vocational." (The National Council , nd. n.p.) Problem gambling also includes what other researchers like Blaszczynski & Nower (2002) have referred to as pathological gambling. Pathological gambling refers to an enduring and repeated maladaptive gambling behavior, in which the gambler cannot control the desire to gamble, which may bring harmful psychosocial results: personal, familial, financial, professional, or legal. (APA, 1994; cited in Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002) Because of his inability to control his gambling behavior, a problem gambler may harm his own self, his family or the community. For example, a problem gambler will give priority to his gambling habits over his family's needs, and therefore, will not care about destroying his familial life as a normal person would care. There are some symptoms that are commonly found in problem gamblers although they do not necessarily mean that a person is involved in problem gambling. These signs include but are not limited to headaches, back pain, insomnia, ADHD, anxiety. (Tessier & Ballon, 2003) It is recommended that when such orders are frequently found in a patient, a physician should test him for problem gambling. Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning revolves around the concepts of stimulus and response. A stimulus is anything that brings a response in the subject. A response is a reaction that is brought by the

An Election of Monumental Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An Election of Monumental Change - Essay Example A "hot button" issue for many in the United States is the ongoing Us-led conflict in Iraq which has been going on since March 2003. This is one of the areas which Senator Obama has wished to distinguish himself from his other Senators in that unlike Senator's Clinton and McCain, Obama has not given as much leeway in the form of senatorial votes in favor of President Bush's defense budget, while on the other hand both Senator Clinton, as well as Senator McCain, have voted in both sides of the issue. In an era where the American people are looking for hope and this year looking to elect a new President, the two candidates to observe are Senator Barak Obama of Illinois and Senator Hillary Clinton of New York. Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the US has taken it upon itself to adopt a pre-emptive measure as it comes to defending itself, as well as defending its role in international relations with the rest of the world. ... from the start, he says there is "no military solution" to the situation in Iraq," Adding that, "In January 2007, Obama proposed the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007, which would reverse the troop surge and redeploy U.S. troops to Afghanistan and other locations in phases. He favors more funds for U.S. military equipment like night-vision goggles and reinforced Humvees, though his recent refusal to sign a war funding bill came under criticism from presidential aspirant John McCain (R-AZ), who, among other things, accused the senator of misspelling "flak jacket." Under Obama's plan, there may be a residual troop presence (NYT) in Iraq for security and training purposes. His bill has not yet been voted on," (CFR 3/18/2008). In regards to Senator Clinton, her candidacy comes with the inevitable comparison, as well as what some would call "baggage", from the 8 years in office which her husband spent. "Sen. Clinton (D-NY) supported the invasion of Iraq at its advent, but now opposes it and claims that as president, she would end the war. Clinton opposed the 2007 escalation of the war. In early 2007, Clinton proposed the Iraq Troop Protection and Reduction Act. That bill, which would have prevented an increase in troops in Iraq above the level of January 1, 2007, had no cosponsors and never reached a vote," Elaborating further that, "Clinton also opposes the establishment of permanent military bases in Iraq, although she, like Biden, does expect there to be a need for a "reduced residual force," perhaps stationed in Iraqi Kurdistan, even after troop redeployment. Clinton cosponsored Sen. Joe Biden's Iraq War Policy resolution in January 2007. In 2002, Clinton voted in favor of the invasion of Iraq, and has been widely criticized for her refusal to apologize for that

The ways in whih characters adapt to the changing circumstances of Essay

The ways in whih characters adapt to the changing circumstances of their lives - Essay Example In John Steinbecks novel, East ÃŽ ¿f Eden, the characters are unusual, realistic, and interesting, all which contribute to the appeal ÃŽ ¿f the novel. These characters appeal to the reader, and the reader is able to sympathize with most characters, from the most upstanding citizen to the ruthless seductress. Faye, although the owner ÃŽ ¿f a whorehouse, is depicted a respectable, honourable woman, by the description Steinbeck gives her. Although she owns a whorehouse, she has made it the cleanest, and in many ways, the best whorehouse ÃŽ ¿f all the others around her. Steinbeck regards her as being a good citizen, and a moral person. All ÃŽ ¿f the girls who work in her whore house respect Faye, and look up to her. As the interaction between Kathy and Faye persist, many ÃŽ ¿f the girls who work at Fayes become fearful ÃŽ ¿f her safety. Kathy slowly poisons Faye, and when Faye dies, the tone at the whorehouse drastically changes, as the girls become more suspicious ÃŽ ¿f Kate. Faye, being the good person that she was, loved Kate, and left her business to her. When Kate took over, the girls suddenly live in fear ÃŽ ¿f Kate. Kate is probably the most interesting, and gripping character in East ÃŽ ¿f Eden, due to her sedectiveness, and her evil personality. In Steinbecks first description ÃŽ ¿f Kathy he depicts her as a victim ÃŽ ¿f genetics. It was just a mere coincidence that such an evil human arose from her two good parents. The reader can sympathize that she is a victim ÃŽ ¿f nature, a common trait ÃŽ ¿f realism. Her actions are merely a result ÃŽ ¿f here natural instincts to be bad. Her character is the most complex in the novel. Her most interesting aspect is her reaction to alcohol, another interesting trait that draws the reader in. Her actions shock the reader, her boldness and independence was a reflection ÃŽ ¿f the womens movement that is still a major appeal to the women ÃŽ ¿f today. The introduction ÃŽ ¿f Kathy in chapter 8 was a turning point in the novel, since her